Table 3 Analytical performances of urine-based biosensors

Femto-

sensors

Fused silica column capillary with total length 42 cm and effective length 30 cm binding with anti-8-OHdG

8-OHdG

Capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) detection

-

0.18 fM

[176]

Nano-

sensors

Solid phase extraction (SPE) in C18/OH column and HPLC in 5µmC18 HPLC with 1 mL/min mobile phase flow rate

8-OHdG

High performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD)

7.0–700 nM/L

0.35 nM/L

[42]

Antibody modified sandwich immunoassay

AD7c-NTP

ELISA

-

0.48 ng/mL

[17]

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with monoclonal antibody

Aβ

Western blots

-

0.04 ng/mL

[177]

96-well microtiter plate coated with monoclonal antibody (N3I4)

AD7c-NTP

HPLC

-

2.5 ng/mL

[178]

Micro-

sensors

Microtiter plate coated with bispecific receptor antibody having affinity for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and urinary NTP

AD7c-NTP

Enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay (ELISA)

-

26.8 ± 9.4 µg/mL

[179]

32-well microtiter plates immunoassay

NTP

ELISA

10–60 µg/mL

10 µg/mL

[180]

Rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) coated immunosensor

AD7c-NTP

ELISA

-

32.76 ± 9.0 µg/mL

[181]

Electro-polymerized Poly(neutral red) film modified with Fe₂O₃ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) embedded with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linker

Acetylcholine (Ach)

CV and EIS

-

1.04 µM

[182]

Rare-earth-doped (lanthanide-doped) upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)

Dopamine (DA)

Rayleigh light scattering

0–300 µM

1.62 µM

[183]