Fig. 3

Synergistic in vitro phototherapeutic effects of TPP-PPG@ICG and laser irradiation on MG63/Dox cells. a CCK-8 viability assay of MG63/Dox cells treated with ICG, TPP-PPG, PPG@ICG, or TPP-PPG@ICG 24 h after laser irradiation at 808 nm. b CCK-8 viability assays with MG63/Dox cells exposed to TPP-PPG@ICG at 24 h post-laser irradiation at 808 nm, under conditions that inhibited PDT (with NaN₃ which quenches ¹O₂) or PTT (with a low temperature to inhibit photothermal generation). c FL images of calcein AM + PI co-stained MG63/Dox cells after treatment with PBS, TPP-PPG, ICG, PPG@ICG, or TPP-PPG@ICG (ICG equivalent, 15 μM) at 24 h post-laser irradiation, or treatment with TPP-PPG@ICG without laser irradiation. P values in a and b were calculated using student’s t-test (*p < 0.01)