Fig. 6

GO induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and cell apoptosis in FHC cells. a TEM observation of mitochondrial structure in FHC cells following exposure to 50 µg/mL GO treatment. Scale bar: 2.0 μm. b, c The MMP was analyzed via fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after GO or LPS treatment as indicated. Scale bar: 200 μm. d, e Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to measure intracellular ROS production. Scale bar: 200 μm. f Apoptosis of FHC cells after GO treatment as indicated. Apoptotic cell death was expressed as the sum of the percentage of early apoptotic cells and late apoptotic cells. g The levels of apoptosis-related proteins Cytc, Bax, Bcl-2, and c-cas3 using western blot. h Western blot of Cytc expression after incubation with GO in the presence or absence of MC. i Intracellular ROS production after GO treatment in the absence or presence of MC, as measured using flow cytometry. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01