Engineering of bioactive metal sulfide nanomaterials for cancer therapy

Fei, Weidong; Zhang, Meng; Fan, Xiaoyu; Ye, Yiqing; Zhao, Mengdan; Zheng, Caihong; Li, Yangyang; Zheng, Xiaoling

doi:10.1186/s12951-021-00839-y

Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Table 1 Classification of appropriate synthesis approaches of MeSNs for the medical science

From: Engineering of bioactive metal sulfide nanomaterials for cancer therapy

	MeSNs	Metal source	Sulfur source	Temperature	Template	Particle size	Ref.
Hydrothermal approach	CuS NPs	CuCl₂·2H₂O	Na₂S	90 °C	NA	Around 10 nm	[44]
	MoS₂ nanoflakes	Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O	Thiourea	200 °C	NA	200 to 350 nm	[46]
	Ni₉S₈ NPs	Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O	1-Dodecanethiol	200 °C	NA	About 150 nm	[45]
	Ag₂S NPs	AgNO₃	Na₂S·9H₂O	50 °C	NA	About 15 nm	[47]
	MoS₂ nanosheets	(NH₄)₂MoO₄	Thiourea	200 °C	NA	About 150 nm	[142]
Non-aqueous solvothermal approach	CuS nanocrystals	Copper acetylacetonate	Sulfur powder	70 °C	NA	About 8 nm	[52]
	NiS NPs	Nickel acetate tetrahydrate	Thioacetamide	150 °C	NA	247 nm	[48]
	Bi₂S₃ nanorods	Bismuth neodecanoate	Thioacetamide	150 °C	NA	100 nm in length and 15 nm in diameter	[49]
	Bi₂S₃ nanorods	Bismuth neodecanoate	Thioacetamide	150 °C	NA	About13 nm in diameter and 40 nm in length	[50]
	Bi₂S₃ nanorods	Bismuth neodecanoate	Thioacetamide	150 ℃	NA	About 15 nm in diameter and 60 nm in length	[51]
	Bi₂S₃ nanorods	Bismuth neodecanoate	Thioacetamide	150 °C	NA	10 nm in diameter and 50 nm in length	[53]
	CuS-ZnS nanocrystals	Cu(acac)₂/Zn(acac)₂	1- dodecanethiol	200 °C	NA	About16 nm	[143]
	RuS_1.7 ND	RuCl₃ nanodots	Diethyl dithiocarbamate	–	NA	About 70 nm	[98]
Template-assisted approach	CuS NPs	[Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ solution	Na₂S·9H₂O	50–90 °C	Chitosan	5.6 nm	[19]
	CuS NPs	CuCl₂·2H₂O	Na₂S	90 °C	Biopolymer melanin	About 21 nm	[13]
	CuS NPs	CuCl₂	Na₂S	75 °C	PVP-K30	200 nm	[39]
	CuS NPs	CuCl₂	Na₂S	75 °C	Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride	10 nm	[12]
	Bi₂S₃ NPs	Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O	Na₂S·9H₂O	180 °C	PVP	Around 130 nm in length and 60 nm in width	[89]
	Fe_1 − xS NPs	Fe(NH₄)₂·(SO₄)₂	Thioacetamide	180 °C	PVP	20–30 nm	[140]
	ZnS NPs	Zinc acetate dihydrate	Thiourea	125 °C	Silica nanofibres	About 110 nm	[21]
Biomineralization approach	Biological sulfur sources
	Bi₂S₃ NPs	Bi(NO₃)₃	BSA	25 °C	BSA	107.6 ± 6.81 nm	[57]
	Bi₂S₃ NPs	Bi(NO₃)₃	BSA	25 °C	BSA	78.9 nm	[56]
	Bi₂S₃ NPs	Bi(NO₃)₃	BSA	25 °C	BSA	10 ± 3 nm	[15]
	Bi₂S₃ NPs	Bi(NO₃)₃	BSA	25 °C	BSA	6.1 ± 0.9 nm	[31]
	Double sulfur sources
	FeS@BSA NPs	FeCl₂	Na₂S	4 °C	BSA	About 50 nm	[14]
	MnS NPs	Mn(NO₃)₂	Na₂S	25 °C	BSA	About 150 nm	[64]
	Mn-CuS NDs	CuCl₂ and MnCl₂	Na₂S·9H₂O	90 °C	BSA	4.95 nm	[144]
	Co₉S₈ NDs	CoCl₂ or CoSO₄	Na₂S	37 °C	BSA	About 14.5 nm	[67]
	ZnS NPs	ZnCl₂	Thioacetamide	25 °C	BSA	15.9 ± 2.1 nm	[145]
	Ag₂S nanorods	AgNO₃	Thioacetamide	25 °C	BSA	65 nm	[65]
	Ag₂S NPs	AgNO₃	Thioacetamide	25 °C	BSA	6.98 nm	[66]
Isomorphic substitution approach	Substitute the metal ions
	CuS nanodots	CuCl₂	Na₂S	90 °C	Layered double hydroxide	10 nm CuS nanodots in 120 nm layered double hydroxide	[30]
	Bi₂S₃ nanorods	Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O	Thiourea and ZnS microspheres	130 °C	ZnS composite microspheres	300–500 nm, 230 nm	[18, 69]
	Substitute the anions
	Hollow CuS NPs	CuCl₂·2H₂O	(NH₄)₂ S	RT	CuO NPs	184.2 ± 4.8 nm	[85]
	Hollow CuS NPs	CuCl₂	Na₂S	60 °C	CuO NPs	100 nm	[70]
Liquid exfoliation approach	SnS nanosheets	Bulk SnS	Bulk SnS	Ultrasound heat	NA	Less than 50 nm	[72]
	TaS₂ nanosheets	Raw TaS₂ materials	Raw TaS₂ materials	Ultrasound heat	NA	About 110 nm	[40]
	WS₂ quantum dots	Commercial WS₂ bulk	Bulk WS₂	90 °C	NA	20–100 nm	[33, 41]
Wetchemical approach	Fe-doped CaS NPs	FeCl₂·2H₂O and CaCl₂	Na₂S·9H₂O	RT	NA	About 47.5 nm	[36]
	ReS₂ NPs	NaReO₄	Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O	RT	NA	3 ± 0.21 nm	[22]
	Gold-gold sulfide nanoshells	HAuCl₄	Na₂S	RT	NA	About 5.4 nm	[55]
Biosynthesis	CdS NPs	Cadmium nitrate	Na₂S	30 °C	NA	About 15 nm	[81]
Biosynthesis	FeS NPs	FeOOH NSs	Endogenous H₂S	37 °C	NA	About 5 nm	[16]
Mechanochemical approach	ZnS Nanocrystals	Zinc acetate	Na₂S	Milling heat	NA	614–987 nm	[83]
Pyrolytic approach	ZnS NPs	[Zn(SCN)₂(2-benzoylpyridine)₂]	[Zn(SCN)₂(2-benzoylpyridine)₂]	620 °C	NA	80–120 nm	[23]

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