Fig. 4
From: Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight
a Mechanisms of parasitic resistance against various anti-leishmanial drugs; [1] Drug expulsion through P-gp and TR-system mediated efflux pumps, [2] Reduced membrane binding due to repulsion between the drug and the parasitic plasma membrane, [3] Expulsion of drug through ATP-driven efflux pumps. b Ways, by which, nano-DDS curb the emerging resistance; [1] improved endocytosis of nano-DDS inside the parasite, [2] Co-loaded nano-DDS exhibits improved parasitic killing, [3] improved intramacrophage accumulation of nano-DDS, [4] Thiolated and other innovative nano-DDS inhibit P-gp efflux pumps and parasitic TR-system