Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight

Table 1 Anti-leishmanial chemotherapy and associated limitations

Drugs	FDA approval	Administration route	Possible associated challenges	FDA approved nano-formulation	References
Meglumine antimonate	Not approved	IV/IM/IL	Systemic adverse effects (Acute pancreatitis, Acute renal failure, hepatitis & cardiotoxicity) Resistance development^a Poor oral absorption	No	[31, 40, 41, 52]
Sodium stibogluconate	Not approved	IV/IM/IL	Systemic adverse events (Infusion-related toxicity (pain, nausea & Vomiting) with respiratory distress, vomiting) Resistance development^a Poor oral absorption	No
Amphotericin B	Approved for VL caused by any species Particularly in Antimonials unresponsive cases	IV	Systemic adverse effects (Acute infusion-related toxicity & Nephrotoxicity) Resistance development^b Cost of therapy	AmBisome® (liposomes)
Pentamidine (isethionate)	Not approved	IM/IV	Systemic adverse events (Nephrotoxicity & dysglycemia) Poor oral absorption	No
Miltefosine	VL caused by L. donovani CL caused by L. viannia	Oral	Systemic adverse events (Gastrointestinal distress, elevated liver enzymes & renal toxicity)	No
Paromomycin	Not Approved	Topical/IV	Poor oral absorption Variable response against CL Limited skin permeation	No

^aAlmost 100% of the cases of VL in India are un-responsive to antimonial therapy
^bA very few cases have been reported yet

ISSN: 1477-3155