Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight

Table 6 Promising Nanosystem candidates, with eminent in vivo results, to curb leishmanial resistance

Nanosystem engineered	Loaded anti-leishmanials drug	Year	Route of administration	Leishmanial strain	Animal model	Major results	References
Stearylamine bearing Liposomes	Amphotericin-B	2008	Parenteral	L. donovani	VL induction in BALB/c mice	SA bearing Amp-B LPS are superior to AmBisome in parasitic burden reduction, IL-10, and TNF-α downregulation	[193]
	Paromomycin	2011	Parenteral	L. donovani	VL induction in BALB/c mice	The prominent synergistic response was observed evidenced by elevation of INF-α levels and reduction in IL-10 levels	[194]
	Sodium Stibogluconate	2011	Parenteral	SSG-resistant strains of L. donovani	VL induction in BALB/c mice	Successful destruction of SSG-resistant strain of L. donovani with the significant rise in NO levels	[195]
Transferosomes	Miltefosine + Apigenin	2019	Topical	L. Mexicana	CL induction in BALB/c mice	With co-loaded nano-formulation, 8.0-fold lower IC₅₀ and 9.5-fold eradication of lesional parasite than plain MFS solution	[196]
	Amphotericin-B + Miltefosine	2020	Topical	L. Mexicana	CL induction in BALB/c mice	Significant reduction (8.6 & 5.22-times) in IC₅₀ as compared to the plain drug solution of Amp-B and MFS respectively	[191]
	Sodium Stibogluconate + Ketoconazole	2020	Topical	L. Mexicana	CL induction in BALB/c mice	10.67 times lower IC₅₀ was observed with fabricated nano-formulation and 35.33-times lesional parasitic load reduction was observed in comparison to plain SSG	[190]

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