Table 7 Recently designed nano-vaccines against Leishmaniasis
From: Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight
Nanosystem engineered | Core components for fabrication | Year | Loaded antigen | Animal model | Major results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liposomes | DSPC + cholesterol | 2019 | Imiquimod + SLA | L. major infected BALB/c mice | Enhance CD-4+ and CD-8+ T cells response | [235] |
DPPC + cholesterol | 2018 | Recombinant LiHyR protein | L. infantum infected BALB/c mice | The increased concentration of IgG2a antibody was observed with significant parasitic burden reduction | [238] | |
DOTAP* + cholesterol | 2018 | Recombinant glycoprotein (rgp63) | L. major infected BALB/c mice | Induce valuable immune response evidenced by a significant uptick in Th-1 cells mediated immune response and level of IgG2a antibody | [239] | |
DDA + TDB + cholesterol | 2017 | SLA | L. major infected BALB/c mice | Inadequate protection against Leishmaniasis | [240] | |
DOTAP + cholesterol | 2016 | Recombinant Leishmania major class I nuclease (rLmaCIN) | L. major infected BALB/c mice | Lowering in footpad lesion thickness among immunized subjects with significantly higher levels of IgG2a and INF-γ | [241] | |
PC + SA + cholesterol | 2015 | Freeze thawed promastigotes | L. donovani infected BALB/c mice | Reduction in parasitic burden due to enhanced Th-1 cells response and associated cytokines | [242] | |
DSPC + SA + cholesterol | 2014 | Recombinant cysteine protease mixture | L. donovani infected Syrian golden hamsters | Improved anti-leishmanial response with increased survival time and cytokines level however immune response was not adequately evaluated | [243] | |
DSPC + cholesterol | 2014 | Thiolated antibody (IgG-SH) + SLA | L. major infected BALB/c mice | Improved Cytotoxic T-cells response | [244] | |
Virosomes | Qβ-virus like particles | 2017 | α-Gal trisaccharide | L. amazonensis and L. infantum infected C57BL/6 mice | The successful killing of parasites and eradication of infection evaluated through the RT-PCR technique | [245] |
Polymeric NPs | PLGA | 2021 | SLA + TLR agonists | L. major promastigotes | Results have clearly shown improved macrophage activation accompanied by the significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines | [236] |
PLGA | 2020 | SLA + Lipophosphoglycan | L. infantum infected BALB/c mice | Elevated NO, INF-γ, and IL-12 levels display 80% disease remission in infected BALB/c | [246] | |
PLGA | 2019 | Recombinant proteins (rLpanUA.22 and rLpanUA.27) | L. panamensis infected BALB/c mice | Immune mediated parameters are not evaluated | [247] | |
PLGA | 2018 | Recombinant proteins Chimeric peptides (CPA and CPB) | L. major infected BALB/c mice | Improved NO levels and cell-mediated immunity followed by immunization | [248] | |
Chitosan | 2018 | Whole Leishmanial Lysate (WLL) + SLA | Leishmanial infected BALB/c mice | Poor immune protection was observed | [249] | |
PLGA | 2017 | CPA | L. infantum infected transgenic mice | Enhance CD-4+ and CD-8+ T cells response Increased production of IL-12 | [250] | |
PLGA | 2017 | SLA with Toll like receptor (TLR-4) ligand | L. infantum infected BALB/c mice | Pronounced activation of cellular immunity due to enhanced Th-1 cells mediated immune response The levels of interleukins observed to be minimized (IL-6 and IL-10) | [231] | |
PMMA | 2016 | pcDNA3 | L. major infected BALB/c mice | Improve immune protection was observed clearly evaluated through uprise in IgG2a levels | [251] |