Fig. 1

Engineering PpIX/3-MA@Lip nanosonosentizer for synergistic SDT nanotherapeutics and autophagy blockage on combating cancer. Synthetic procedure of PpIX/3-MA@Lip nanosonosensitizers and schematic illustration of “all-in-one” strategy for cellular mechanism on SDT-induced cytoprotective autophagy and autophagy inhibition-enhanced antitumor efficacy of SDT. Enhanced production of intracellular ROS radicals by PpIX sonosensitizers-based SDT induced cytoprotective pro-survival autophagy, and the integrated 3-MA inhibited the formation of autophagosomes in early-phase autophagy to eliminate the recycling nutrients for fulfilling the needs of cancer-cell adaptation and growth, which significantly induced the cancer-cell apoptosis and death