Table 3 Carrier-mediated combination of chemotherapy drugs and mAbs

HDL nanodiscs (ApoA1 mimetic peptide or phospholipids^a/IV)

DOX

anti-PD-1

Colon adenocarcinoma

Significant regression of colon carcinoma tumors and inhibition of tumor relapse in mice compared to monotherapy or carrier-free dual therapy

Induction of long-lasting immunity and delayed tumor growth with no obvious off-target side effects

Recruitment of the highest number of CD8α⁺ T cells into the TME and development of systemic antigen-specific CD8α⁺ T cell responses

[164]

Denderimer NPs (G4-PAMAM)

mAb against HER-2, Trastuzumab

Breast cancer

Remarkable cellular uptake, cytotoxic effect, and significant internalization of conjugates to the HER-2 positive cells

Synergistic therapeutic effect and enhanced selectivity compared to free drugs and PAMAM-trastuzumab, indicating that DOX dose and thus the cardiotoxicity caused by DOX could be reduced

[165]

Hybrid NPs (Enzyme and pH dual-sensitive micelle-liposome/IV)

PTX

PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor HY19991

Significant anti-cancer efficacy and high tumor inhibition and lung metastasis suppression rate

Increased T cells infiltration in tumor tissues and decrease in cancer stem cell population

Prolonged survival time of mice

[166]

Denderimer NPs (G4-PAMAM-PEG/IV)

mAb against HER-2, Trastuzumab

Increased therapeutic efficacy of the conjugate in animal models

[167]

Lipid NPs (pH-sensitive liposomes)

DTX

Anti-PD-L1 blocking antibody

Melanoma

Significant tumor inhibition via high selectivity

Activation of tumor-specific CTLs

High anti-proliferation efficacy and prolonged survival time

[168]

hydrogel NPs (ROS-responsive hydrogel/Peritumoral)

GEM

Anti-PD-L1 blocking antibody

Melanoma and breast cancer

Induction of an immunogenic tumor phenotype and immune-mediated tumor regression

Excellent tumor inhibition and intratumoral infiltration of CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells

Reduction of tumor-infiltrating MDSCs

[169]