Scheme 1
From: Construction of nanomaterials as contrast agents or probes for glioma imaging
(Reprint with permission [38, 65, 148]. Copyright 2018, Wiley–VCH. Reprint with permission [49, 104, 170, 207]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH. Reprint with permission [105, 161]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. Reprint with permission [32, 66, 198, 205]. Copyright 2017, Wiley–VCH. Reprint with permission [106, 139]. Copyright 2016, Wiley–VCH. Reprint with permission [209]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH. Reprint with permission [171]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier)
Schematic illustration of the nanomaterials applied for glioma imaging. Generally, those kinds of nanomaterials can be divided into organic nanoparticles such as liposomes and synthetic polymers, inorganic nanoparticles like Au and SiO2 nanoparticles, and organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles such as Au nanorods encapsulated by metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). A large variety of imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, fluorescence (FL) imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging, positron emission computed tomography (PET), can be achieved by nanomaterials for comprehensive detection and diagnosis of glioma. Nanomaterials are endowed with blood–brain-barrier (BBB) penetration ability through surface modification of targeting molecules, the assistance of external stimuli such as focused ultrasound, or other strategies