Recent advances in near-infrared II imaging technology for biological detection

Table 1 Representative NIR-II nanoprobes fabricated for biomedical applications

	Fluorescence probe	Excitation/emission wavelength	Application	Quantum yield (%)	References
Quantum dots	PbS QDs	808/ > 1500 nm	Imaging of metastatic tumor and proximal LNs resection	N.A.	[73]
		808/ 1300 nm	Monitoring the cellular migration, biological distribution and clearance information of injected mesenchymal stem cells	17.3	[77]
	Ag₂S QDs	808/ 1200 nm	Tracking the location, survival, and osteogenic differentiation of transplanted human mesenchymal stem cells	15.5	[76]
Down-conversion NPs	NaGdF₄: 5% Nd@NaGdF₄	808/ 1060 nm	In vivo self-assembly bioimaging to improve the image-guided surgery for cancer	N.A.	[16]
	Er³⁺-doped DCNP	808 and 980/ 1550 nm	High-resolution ratiometric sensing of lymphatic inflammation	0.27–2.73	[84]
	NaYF₄:5%Nd@NaGdF₄	808/ 1060 nm	Visualizing the formation and variation of tumor blood vessels	0.52	[87]
Organic NPs	NPs@BOD/CPT	810/ 900 nm	Photo-controlled on-demand drug release for cancer therapy	0.012	[80]
	2TT-oC6B	808/ 1030 nm	Imaging of the brain inflammation tissue	11	[83]
	Conjugated polymer nanoparticles	1064 nm/ 1160 nm	3D vasculature imaging in vivo	N.A.	[88]

ISSN: 1477-3155