Table 3 Application of GBNs in phototherapy

[160]

GO

_

Gold nanostars

PTT

Low laser power

SK-BR-3

_

Improved the photothermal effect

[161]

GO

MUC1

Apt-AuNP

PTT

Induced a transient increase in HSP70 expression

MCF-7

_

Inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells

[162]

GO

_

TPGS

PTT

Produced a decrease in the levels of BcL-2 and Survivin

MCF-7

_

Reduced the viability of breast cancer cells with no obvious effect on normal cells

[31]

rGO

Arg

_

PTT

Excellent NIR absorption

MDA-MB-231

_

Increased cellular uptake and enhanced the photothermal effect

[33]

rGO

_

pDA, AAP10

PTT

Bystander effect

MCF-7

Mouse 4T1 breast tumor model

Showed excellent anticancer activity

[163]

rGO

_

Ag-ZnO

PTT

Low-level laser therapy

MCF-7

_

Showed a considerable killing effect at a low concentration and with a low-level laser

[164]

rGO

_

PEG

PTT

Low toxicity

4T1

4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c

Increased tumor accumulation and enhanced the PTT effect

[165]

rGO

_

Tamoxifen citrate

_

_

MCF-7

Female BALB/c nude mice MCF-7 cell lines

Thermally induced necrosis of breast cancer cells

[166]

rGO

_

Fe₃O₄ NPs, PEG

PTT, Immunotherapy

MRI-guided

4T1

4T1 orthotopic mouse

Laser irradiation effectively ablated primary tumor and induced antitumor immunity

[167]

GO

_

CuSQDs

PTT

Downregulated Bcl-2 expression

MCF-7

_

Significantly enhanced cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell lines

[168]

GO

_

Ag

PDT

_

MCF-7

_

Produced significant toxic effects in MCF-7 cells

[169]

GO

_

HPPH, PEG

PDT, immunotherapy

_

_

4T1 murine breast cancer mode

Prevented distant metastasis

[170]

GO

_

MB

PDT

_

MDA-MB-231

_

Showed enhanced PDT efficiency

[171]

GQDs

hMSN, PEG

Chemotherapy, PDT

pH-dependent

4T1

Female BALB/c mice

Prolonged the retention time in tumor

[172]

GQDs

_

MB

PDT

_

MCF-7

_

Showed no change in cytotoxicity or ROS production