Fig. 4

A Mortality rates of embryos and larvae exposed to the different treatments (control, AA, NPs_CS, NPs_CS_AA, NPs_PCL, and NPs_PCL_AA) at different concentrations (3.12, 6.25, 12.25, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L). B–F Hatching rates of embryos exposed to ascorbic acid (AA), chitosan nanoparticles (NPs_CS), chitosan nanoparticles containing AA (NPs_CS_AA), PCL nanoparticles (NPs_PCL), and PCL nanoparticles containing AA (NPs_PCL_AA). For the statistical tests, ANOVA (two-way, significance of p < 0.05) was used to observe the statistical differences between groups with the same concentration, where a indicates a statistically significant difference, compared to the control group