Fig. 5
Hatching rates of embryos and larvae exposed to the treatments at different concentrations (LC10, LC20, LC30, LC40, and LC50): A ascorbic acid (AA), B chitosan nanoparticles (NPs_CS), C chitosan nanoparticles containing AA (NPs_CS_AA), D PCL nanoparticles (NPs_PCL), and E PCL nanoparticles containing AA (NPs_PCL_AA). For the statistical tests, ANOVA (two-way, significance of p < 0.05) was used to identify differences between the groups, where a indicates a statistically significant difference, compared to the control group