Fig. 3

The efficacy of anti-inflammatory and antiviral by PLGA@M in vitro. A Cell viability of THP-1 cells after incubated with PLGA@M in different concentrations (n = 6). B The mRNA expression level of main proinflammatory cytokines in A549 cells after infected with SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses (S-pseudoviruses) (n = 3). C The mRNA expression level of IL-6 and IL-1β in macrophages after stimulated with the supernatant of S-pseudoviruses infected A549 cell (IS) with or without PLGA@M treatment (n = 3). D Representative images of NETs released from neutrophils induced by COVID-19 patient serum after treated with PLGA@M in different concentrations. NETs were stained green. (Scale bar: 50 μm.) E NETosis in neutrophils induced by COVID-19 patient serums was quantified using DNA dye Pico Green after treatment with PLGA@M in different concentrations (n = 3). F The virus mRNA level in MHV infected L929 cell after treated with PLGA-LPV NPs and PLGA-LPV@M at different LPV concentration (n = 3). G Virus titers in MHV infected L929 cell was determined by the plaque assay after treated with PLGA-LPV NPs and PLGA-LPV@M at different LPV concentrations (n = 3). Data presented as mean ± s.d. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001. ns not significant