Table 1 Summary of aptamer-based detection of sepsis-related pathogens and biomarkers

S. aureus

I: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCC CCC CAG TCC GTC CTC CCA GCC TCA CAC CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA AC-3’

II: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCT CCC AAC CGC TCC ACC CTG CCT CCG CCT CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA AC-3’

AuNPs

Aptamer-conjugated GNPs and a resonance light-scattering detection system

DNA

40

–

[44]

I: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCC CCC CAG TCC GTC CTC CCA GCC TCA CAC CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA ACT TTT TTT TT-3’

II: 5’-TCC CTA CGG CGC TAA CCC CCC CAG TCC GTC CTC CCA GCC TCA CAC CGC CAC CGT GCT ACA ACT TTT TTT T-3’

Fe₃O₄@mTiO₂

Capture platform based on Fe₃O₄@mTiO₂ modified with target aptamer

DNA

71

10–2000 CFU/mL

[45]

apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CTC GGC ACG TTC TCA GTA GCG CTC GCT GGT CAT CCC ACA GCT ACG TCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’

–

Vertical capacitance apta-sensors

DNA

88

10⁰ CFU/mL

Biofilm: 20% of the area

[46]

apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CTC GGC ACG TTC TCA GTA GCG CTC GCT GGT CAT CCC ACA GCT ACG TCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’

–

Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system

DNA

88

–

[47]

MASA

–

Streptavidin Magnetic Beads

CRISPR-Cas12a assisted RCA

–

–

10²–10⁶ CFU/mL

[32]

E. coli

apt: 5’-ATC CGT CAC ACC TGC TCT ACT GGC CGG CTC AGC ATG ACT AAG AAG GAA GTT ATG TGG TGT TGG CTC CCG TAT TTT TTT TTT-3’

Fe₃O₄@mTiO₂

–

DNA

81

[45]

apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CCC ATG AGT GTT GTG AAA TGT TGG GAC ACT AGG TGG CAT AGA GCC GCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’

–

Vertical capacitance ap-tasensors

DNA

88

10⁰ CFU/mL

Biofilm: 20% of the area

[46]

apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CCC ATG AGT GTT GTG AAA TGT TGG GAC ACT AGG TGG CAT AGA GCC GCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3’

–

Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system

DNA

88

–

[47]

Peptidoglycan

I: 5’-TCG CGC GAG TCG TCT GGG GAC AGG GAG TGC GCT GCT CCC CCC GCA TCG TCC TCC C-3’

II: 5’-TCG CGC GAG TCG TCT GGG GGA CTA GAG GAC TTG TGC GGC CCC GCA TCG TCC TCC C-3’

–

–

DNA

I/II: 55

–

[48]

OMVs

I: 5’-ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA ATT GGG TGA GGG GGG GTT CAC AAC GTT AAA GAT AGA CGG GGG AAG ATA GTA AGT GCA ATC T-3’

II: 5’-ATA CCA GCT TAT TCA ATT CCG AGT CCA GAC TCA CCG CCG CCT CCT CAA GAC GTG CTG GAG ATA GTA AGT GCA ATC T-3’

–

Enzyme-linked aptamer assay

DNA

I/II: 76

E. coli DH5α: 0.13 ± 0.01 μg/mL

E. coli K12: 3.70 ± 0.98 μg/mL

S.marcescens: 0.23 ± 0.16 μg/m

[49]

P.aeruginosa

apt: 5’-CCC CCG TTG CTT TCG CTT TTC CTT TCG CTT TTG TTC GTT TCG TCC CTG CTT CCT TTC TTG-3’

–

Vertical capacitance aptasensors

DNA

60

10⁰ CFU/mL

Biofilm: 20% of the area

[46]

apt: 5’-CCC CCG TTG CTT TCG CTT TTC CTT TCG CTT TTG TTC GTT TCG TCC CTG CTT CCT TTC TTG-3’

–

Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system

DNA

60

–

[47]

K.pneumoniae

apt: 5’-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC C(N45)-CAA AAG TGC ACG CTA CTT TGC TAA-3’

–

Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system

DNA

44

–

[47]

E. faecalis

apt: 5’-ATC CAG AGT GAC GCA GCA CGA CAC GTT AGG TTG GTT AGG TTG GTT AGT TTC TTG TGG ACA CGG TGG CTT A-3’

–

Electrical antimicrobial susceptibility test (e-AST) system

DNA

70

–

[47]

LPS

apt: 5’ -CTT CTG CCC GCC TCC TTC C-(45 N)-GGA GAC GAG ATA GGC GGA CAC T-3’

Gold disk electrodes

Electrochemical

DNA

86

0.01–1 ng/mL

[50]

Gra

AuNPs

Electrochemical

8.7 fg/mL

10–50 fg/mL

[51]

Gold atomic cluster

Electrochemical

7.94 × 10^–21 M and 0.01aM–1 pM

[52]

RGO/AuNPs

Electrochemical

1 fg/mL

[53]

RGO/AuNPs

Electrochemical

0.2 fg/mLand 0.001–0.01 pg/mL

[54]

MoS₂ AuNPs RGO

Voltammetric biosensor

3.01 × 10^–5 ng/mL and 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ ng/mL to 2.0 × 10^–2 ng/mL

[55]

–

Optical sensor

5.5 pg/mL– 100 ng/mL

[56]

SLG

Acoustic wave biosensor

3.53 ng/mL

0–100 ng/mL

[57]

GO

Fluorescence quenching efficiency

15.7 ng/mL and

25–1600 ng/mL

[58]

RGO

Fluorescence quenching efficiency

Continuous Injection-Electrostacking

8.3 fM

[59]

IL-6

Model number: ATW0082

              ATW0077

AuNPs

Optical approach

–

–

1.95 μg/mL

[60]

apt: 5′-GTC TCT GTG TGC GCC AGA GAC ACT GGG GCA GAT ATG GGC CAG CAC AGA ATG AGG CCC-3′

AuNPs

Electrochemical

–

–

1.6 pg/ml

[61]

Model number: ATW0077

Carbon nanotube

Microfluidic-based approach

–

–

1 pg/mL–10 ng/mL

[62]

apt: 5’- GGT GGC AGG AGG ACT ATT TAT TTG CTT TTC T -3’

GR

Field-Effect Transistor-Based Approach

–

–

139 fM

[63]

–

GR

Field-Effect Transistor-Based Approach

–

–

618 fM

[64]

CRP

apt: 5’-GGC AGG AAG ACA AAC ACG ATG GGG GGG TAT GAT TTG ATG TGG TTG TTG CAT GAT CGT GGT CTG TGG TGC TGT-3’

–

Optical fiber sensor

DNA

72

2–20 mg/mL

[65]

apt: 5’-GCC UGU AAG GUG GUC GGU GUG GCG AGU GUG UUA GGA GAG AUU GC-3’

–

Luminex xMAP technology

RNA

44

0.4 mg/L

[66]

apt: 5’-CGA AGG GGA TTC GAG GGG TGA TTG CGT GCT CCA TTT GGT G- 3’

AuNPs

Optical nanosensor

DNA

40

1.77 pM

[67]