Fig. 5

Apoptosis of A549 cells in vitro following treatment with PTX and IR780 co-loaded preparations. The “Control” (I), “PTX/IR780-HA&RBCm-LCNPs” (II), and “PTX/IR780-HA&RBCm-LCNPs + NIR” (III) groups refer to cells not treated with drugs, non-NIR treated nano-formulations, and NIR-treated nano-formulations, respectively. A, D, E show confocal laser scanning microscope images of cells with Hoechst 33,258-labeled nuclei, 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA)-labeled reactive oxygen species, and microtubules, respectively. B, C, Apoptosis measured via flow cytometry. For the phototherapy group, cells were exposed to NIR at 808 nm (1 W/cm²) for 5 min 2 h post-drug administration. The final PTX and IR780 concentrations were 5 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively (n = 3). ****p < 0.0001