Table 2 Research instrumentation used in this work

FTIR^a spectroscopy

Shimadzu FTIR-8400S

EDX^b spectroscopy

VEGA-TESCAN-XMU

FESEM^c

Hitachi S-5200

TEM^d

Philips CM200

TGA^e

TGA-Bahr-STA 504, under argon

DLS^f

Horiba (SZ-100)

DSC^g

Mettler DSC 822/400

ELISA^h

Bio-Tek ELx800

BETⁱ

ASAP 2020 V3.03 E, Micromeritics

Flow cytometry

Agilent

UV–vis spectroscopy

Beckman DU640

Confocal microscopy

Zeiss LMS 700

Ball-milling

Amin Asia Fanavar Pars Co. (IRAN)

White LED light

SABA (7 W)

Thermometer

Fluke (572–2 infrared)

Ultrasound probe

Hielscher (UP100H)