Table 4 Comparison of natural exosomes and different types of artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine
Types | Source | Scalability | Procedures | Time-cost | Manpower | Sustainability | Characterization | Applicability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural exosomes | Cell supernatant | ★a | ☆☆b | ☆☆☆ | ☆☆☆ | ★★ | ★ | ★★ |
Artificial exosomes (top-down approach) | Cells | ★★ | ☆☆ | ☆☆ | ☆☆ | ★ | ★ | ★★★ |
Artificial exosomes (bottom-up approach) | Synthetic materials | ★★★ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ★★★ | ★★ | ★ |
Artificial exosomes (biohybrid approach) | Synthetic materials and cell supernatant | ★ | ☆☆☆ | ☆☆☆ | ☆☆☆ | ★★ | ★ | ★★★ |