Fig. 2

Cellular uptake and intracellular ROS production induced by ZIF67/Ola/Lapa nanoparticles. a CLSM images and b flow cytometry analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells incubated with various concentrations of ZIF67/Ola/Lapa for time periods within 4 h. Scale bar: 50 μm. c CLSM images and d corresponding quantitative fluorescence data of intracellular ROS generation treated with various drug formulations. Scale bar: 25 μm. (***p < 0.001). e Intracellular NAD⁺/NAD(P)H⁺ and f ATP level after 12 h incubation with different drugs. g In vitro cell cytotoxicity of different drug formulations against MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 h incubation. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)