Fig. 8

Conditioned medium from macrophages treated by Exo-181b is responsible for the enhanced migration and osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs in vitro. a The detection of proliferation of hBM-MSCs incubated with CM by CCK-8 assay for 1, 3 and 7 days. b Cell migration ability of hBM-MSCs incubated with CM by transwell assay. Scale bar = 100 μm. ALP staining on day 14 and ARS on day 21 for the evaluation of osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs. Scale bar = 200 μm. c Relative mRNA expression of qRT-PCR analysis for ALP, RUNX2, OCN of hBM-MSCs treated with CM. d The secretion of VEGF and BMP-2 of RAW264.7 treated with CM (PBS), CM (Ti), CM (Ti + Exo-NC) and CM (Ti + Exo-181b) (*p < 0.05). ALP alkaline phosphatase, ARS alizarin red staining, RUNX2 Runt-related transcription factor 2, OCN osteocalcin, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, BMP-2 bone morphogenetic protein-2, CM conditioned medium