Table 2 Biosensors for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
Biosensor | Analyte (SARS-CoV-2) | LOD | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
Graphene sheet field-effect transistor based biosensor | Spike glycoprotein | 1 fg/mL | [34] |
Electrochemical immunoassay | Spike glycoprotein | 20 µg/mL | [35] |
Bioelectric recognition assay based on membrane-engineered mammalian cells biosensor | Spike glycoprotein | 1 fg/mL | [36] |
Functionalized terahertz plasmonic metasensors | Spike glycoprotein | 4.2 fM | [37] |
5G-enabled fluorescence sensor | Spike glycoprotein | 1.6 ng/mL | [38] |
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based COVID-19 biosensor | Spike glycoprotein | 0.77 fg/mL | [39] |
Au-NPs@rPGO modified ITO electrode-based Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | Spike glycoprotein | 39.5 fmol/L | [40] |
AC magnetic response of Functionalized MNPs | Spike glycoprotein | 0.084 nM | [41] |
Opto-microfluidic sensing platform with gold nanospikes | Spike glycoprotein | 0.08 ng/mL | [42] |
A lateral flow point of care diagnostic device | Spike glycoprotein | 5 µg/mL | [43] |
A biochip based on the Cotton–Mouton effect of γ-Fe2O3@Au core/shell nanoparticles | Spike glycoprotein | 0.27 ng/mL (3.4 pM) | This work |