Fig. 3

NG-ES bandage development. a Schematics of NG-ES bandage consisting of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), a pair of dressing electrodes, and a bandage base. Left inset is a digital image of the dressing electrodes. Middle inset is a schematic of arc-shaped NG. Right inset is a digital image of a NG-ES bandage. The scale bar = 1 cm. b SEM image of micro-structured PDMS surface replicating textile mat. c SEM image of dense nanowire arrays on the PTFE surface. d FEA simulation of electric field distribution in between the dressing electrodes when a 1 V electric potential is applied. e Fluorescence microscope image of human fibroblast cells cultured on dressing electrodes surface and normal cell plate (control). f Quantitative cell viability as a function of time. g Schematics of working mechanism of arc-shaped NG under compression showing the flow of electrons “e”. h Open-circuit voltage and i short-circuit current output of the as-prepared NG compressed at a frequency of 1 Hz by a computer-controlled actuator