Fig. 4

ES modulates the directionality of human fibroblasts. a Custom cell culture dish with embedded Au electrodes connected to an actuator simulating the in vivo electric field for ES treated human fibroblasts. b Photographs of a representative region of monolayers fibroblasts in cell culture over time. Dashed yellow lines indicate the edge of initial wounded region. c Directionality histograms of the orientation of the fibroblast long axis without and with ES treatment for 8, 12 and 24 h. 90° aligns parallel to the direction of the electric field, indicated by the red arrow in b. Scale bar = 100 µm