Fig. 3

In vitro outcomes of combined photothermal/H₂S therapy against CT26 (a) and 4T1 (b) cancer cells (n = 6). c Intracellular HSP90 and HSP70 expression in 4T1 cells with different treatments. d Fluorescence images of 4T1 cells co-stained with calcein-AM/PI after incubation with Pd or Pd-Su solution (200 μg mL⁻¹, 4 h) and exposure to 808-nm laser irradiation (0.5 W cm⁻², 30 min). The white dashed lines represent the boundary between the light-irradiated area and the dark area. Scale bar, 100 μm. The data were presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation). P values were calculated by two-tailed Student’s t-test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, no significance)