Table 1 The current application of nanotechnology in bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis

Urine sample

AuNPs

Detect hyaluronidases

[21]

Gelatin-Modified AuNPs

Detect gelatinases

[24]

AuNPs

Detect unamplified HURP RNA

[25]

AuNP-H1 and AuNP-H2 probes

Detect telomerase activity

[28]

Cystoscopy

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Nanoparticles

Raman Cystoscopy

[40]

PLZ4-Nanoporphyrin

Fluorescent signal

[41]

Imaging

Ferromagnetic nanocubes Loaded Glycol Chitosan

MRI contrast agents

[45]

Cyc6-Gd2O3-FITC-MSN

MRI contrast agents and fluorescent signal

[46]

Ferumoxtran-10

MRI contrast agents for nodal staging

[47]

Treatment

Intravesical instillation

BCG -CWS NPs

Intravesical instillation

[60]

BCG Loaded Chitosan NPs

Intravesical instillation

[61]

PLZ4@SeD

Intravesical instillation

[64]

Epirubicin Loaded Polymeric NPs

Intravesical instillation

[67]

Cisplatin Loaded Poly (L-Aspartic Acid Sodium)

Intravesical instillation

[71]

Pt − Fe − PNs

Intravesical instillation

[72]

Deguelin Loaded DMP

Intravesical instillation

[73]

Multiple Cationic NPs Encapsulating Mitomycin C

Intravesical instillation

[74]

Doxorubicin Loaded Cationic NPs

Intravesical instillation

[68]

NP-Bel-PGON

Intravesical instillation

[75]

PTX-Loaded Gelatin NPs

Intravesical instillation

[77]

PTX&DTX Loaded Polymeric Micelles

Intravesical instillation

[78]

PTX-Loaded dHPGs Micelles

Intravesical instillation

[79]

nab-PTX

Intravesical instillation

[80]

Intravenous agents

nab-PTX

Intravenous administration

[88]

DiD And Chemotherapeutics Loaded Targeting PLZ4 Micelles

Intravenous administration

[89]

PTX Loaded Targeting Micelles

Intravenous Administration

[90]

Photosensitizers

Mesoporous Silica-Coated Nayf4 NPs

Photodynamic therapy

[97]

5-Aminoevulinic Acid Loaded Copolymers

Photodynamic therapy

[98]

Black Titanium Dioxide NPs

Photodynamic therapy

[99]

FGF1-Coated AuNPs

Infrared-induced thermal ablation

[100]

BPN-BBTD NPs

Fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy

[101]

Photosensitizers

HSA-MnO₂-Ce6 NPs

O₂-generating and photodynamic therapy

[102]

Biological agents

Tumor-Targeting Moiety Decorated Cationic Liposome Encapsulating RB94 Plasmid

Tumor suppress gene and synergism with chemotherapy

[104]

dsP21-322–20’ F Loaded Lipid NPs

Intravesical instillition for P21 induction

[106]

Surviving siRNA Loaded Chitosan Modified PLGA NPs

Intravesical instillition to inhibit surviving expression

[105]

Theranosis

NA

Fe3O4@PDA-VCR-FA SPs

MRI contrast agent and photothermal therapy

[109]

Nanoclusters of UCNP and AuNR

Fluorescent signal and optoporation-assisted chemotherapy

[110]