Fig. 3

Engineered extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy. A Schematic illustration of genetical modification on the surface of dendritic cell-derived EVs with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-binding peptide E7. Reproduced from [75], copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier. B Schematic illustration of iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP)–incorporated EVs extruded from IONP-treated MSCs being guided to the injured spinal cord under exogenous magnetic guidance. Reproduced with permission from [76]. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. C Schematic illustration of EVs from MSCs downregulated expression of a natural bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, exerting improved osteogenic ability. Reproduced with permission from [77]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. D Schematic illustration of a coordinated release of small EVs (SEVs) via remotely triggerable hydrogels, which could be cleaved by exposure to blue light at intervals altered on demand. Reproduced with permission from [78]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. SF-MSCs, synovial fluid-derived MSCs; OA, osteoarthritis; hMSC, human MSC; NV, nanovesicle; SEVs, small EVs