Fig. 4

Native cell membrane-based therapy and therapy with genetic or chemical engineering of cell membrane. A Schematic illustration of the size-variable artificial stem cell spheroid (ASSP), combining the paracrine functions of three-dimensional (3D) SSPs and different types of coating membranes. Reproduced from [102]. © The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee AAAS. B Schematic illustration of promoted targeting capacity achieved under the navigation of an external magnetic field for cell membrane coating γ-Fe2O3 magnetic NPs. Reproduced with permission from [105]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. C Schematic illustration of xenogeneic cartilage tissue graft coated by autologous red blood cell (RBC) membrane of high stability, inducing less inflammatory responses. Reproduced from [106], Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier. D Schematic illustration of CXCR4-overexpressing neural stem cell membranes with enhanced efficacy in stroke treatment with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) loaded with anti‐oedema agents [107]. Reproduced with permission from [105]. Copyright 2019, Wiley. E Schematic illustration of platelet membrane-coated NPs conjugated with TAT and rtPA that could be sequentially functioned after the responsive cleaving of their connecting structure. Reproduced with permission from [108]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. MP, microparticle; CF, cocktail factor; PAMNs, platelet membrane envelope loaded with l-arginine and γ- Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles; CM, cell membrane; LhCG, living hyaline cartilage graft; dLhCG, decellularized LhCG; BBB, blood–brain barrier