Fig. 1

Characterization of pan PPAR-iMSCs and pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs. A Schematic diagram for the generation of induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) and pan PPAR-stimulated iMSCs (Pan PPAR-iMSCs). B Flow cytometric examination of markers positive (CD90, CD73, and CD105) or negative (CD45, CD31, and CD34) for pan PPAR-stimulated iMSCs. The IgG isotype was used as the control. C Representative heatmap for analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between iMSCs and pan PPAR-iMSCs. D Signaling pathways associated with pan PPAR-iMSCs. The upregulated and downregulated genes are depicted in red and blue, respectively. E Representative image of pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs observed using cryo-TEM. Scale bar = 100 nm. F Nanoparticle tracking analysis of pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs. G Immunoblot analysis of pan PPAR-iMSCs and pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs for markers of extracellular vesicles (CD9 and TSG101) or cellular organelles (GM130 and calnexin). H Flow cytometric analysis of pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs for CD63 and CD81. I In vivo tracking of pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs. The localization of fluorescently labeled pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs was visualized after 24 h of systemic administration. J Incorporation of DiD-labeled pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs in human primary hepatocytes (PH) treated without (first row) or with (second row) fatty acids for 24 h. THP-1 macrophages were treated with or without LPS and IFNγ (third and fourth row, respectively) for 24 h, and then the uptake of pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs was examined (600×magnification)