Fig. 5

Attenuation of inflammation in MCD diet-induced NASH mice by pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs. A Serum level of hs-CRP in pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs-injected NASH mice. Normal; n = 6, MCD-diet; n = 5. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. B Immunohistochemical analysis of TNF-α protein in liver tissues. Scale bars: 100 μm. C mRNA expression analysis of inflammatory genes in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated THP-1 macrophages using qPCR. n = 3. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. D Immunoblot analysis of TNF-α and IL-1β in THP-1 macrophages treated with LPS/IFNγ in the presence of the vehicle (PBS), pan PPAR agonist, or pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs. n = 4. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. E Immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) expression in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated THP-1 in the presence of the vehicle (PBS), pan PPAR agonist, or pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs. The density of phosphorylated p65 was normalized to that of total p65. n = 3. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01