Scheme 1

Preparation of CDS-PMo₁₂@PVP_x(x = 0 ~ 1) NPs for decreased adsorption of serum proteins. a CDS is used as a cationic nucleating agent to trap the PMo₁₂O₄₀³⁻ polyanion to synthesize CDS-PMo₁₂@PVP₀ NPs. The introduction of PVP to the CDS-PMo₁₂O₄₀³⁻ reaction system further synthesizes homogenous CDS-PMo₁₂@PVP_x(x = 0.05 ~ 1) NPs. b Heterogeneous CDS-PMo₁₂@PVP₀ NPs without PVP coating protection could largely adsorb proteins. c In contrast, PVP modified homogeneous CDS-PMo₁₂@PVP_x(x = 0.05 ~ 1) NPs could protect the NPs from protein adsorption