Fig. 3

Specific binding capacity of the three types of nanovesicles to the spike protein in vitro. a Dil labeled nanovesicles (red) and 293 T-S cells (green) were co-incubated in vitro for 4 h, and the localization of the nanovesicles and S protein was observed by confocal microscopy. CR3022 NVs, B38 NVs, and CR3022/B38 NVs showed a higher binding affinity to the S protein than free NVs. Scale bar: 50 nm. b S-NVs were co-incubated with CR3022/B38 CAR-293 T cells for 2 h followed by flow cytometry analysis. 293 T cells, CAR-293 T cells and free NVs + CAR-293 T cells were set as controls