Fig. 5

Delivery efficiency of remdesivir by CR3022/B38 NVs to 293 T-S cells. a Determination of the standard curve for detecting remdesivir using a spectrophotometer. Mass of remdesivir (μg/mL) = 6.5507 OD value of test sample + 0.6505. b Packaging efficiency of remdesivir loading into nanovesicles using different methods. Approximately 2 μg of remdesivir was encapsulated in 10 μg of nanovesicles using electroporation. c Drug release profile of remdesivir-loaded nanovesicles at different temperatures. The percentage of drug release (%) = OD value of the remdesivir released from the nanovesicles/OD value of the total remdesivir in the NVs × 100%. d Remdesivir remaining in the thawed nanovesicles. The nanovesicles were frozen at − 80 °C, before thawing at different time points, and measuring the remdesivir remaining in the nanovesicles. e PBS, free NVs, remdesivir, remdesivir-free NVs, and remdesivir-CR3022/B38 NVs were co-incubated with 293 T or 293T-S cells, respectively, followed by Calcein-AM/PI staining and detection by fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar: 200 nm