Table 2 Different fluorescent biosensors based on CSA for biomolecules detection
Biomarker | Analyte | Method | Time | Linear range | LOD | Real samples | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA | DNA | EAA (Nicking enzyme) | 45 min | 0–102 fM | 50 fM | Human serum | [58] |
DNA | EAA (RNase H) | 1 h | 0–50 pM | 23 fM | – | [59] | |
DNA | SDR | 40 min | 0–3 pM | 0.58 pM | – | [60] | |
RNA | mRNA | EAA (DSN) | 2 h | 10–4–1 nM | 102 fM | Cell lysates | [68] |
miRNA | SDR | 2 h | 4 × 10–3–40 nM | 1.48 pM | Cell lysates | [72] | |
miRNA | RCA | 4.5 h | 6.4 7 × 104–102 nM | 6.4 pM | Cell lysates and fetal bovine serum | [73] | |
lncRNA | EAA (DSN and APE1) | 3 h | 10–7–102 nM | 8.1 × 10–2 fM | Cell lysates | [78] | |
circRNA | RCA | 3.5 h | 2 × 10–3–50 pM | 1.1fM | Cell lysates | [84] | |
circRNA | EAA (DSN) | 30 min | 10–2–1 pM | 10 fM | Cell lysates | [85] | |
Protein | CEA | EAA (T7 Exo) | 65 min | 5 × 10–5–50 ng mL−1 | 28.5 fg mL−1 | Human serum | [96] |
AVP | EAA (Nt.AIwI) | 30 min | 75–7 × 102 pM | 75 pM | Fetal bovine serum | [88] | |
Insulin | EAA (Exo III) | 40 min | 4.8 × 10–2–2.15 U ml−1 | 4.8 × 10–2 U ml−1 | Fetal bovine serum | [103] | |
PSA | EAA (DNAzyme) | 2 h | 1–100 pg mL−1 | 0.76 pg mL−1 | Human serum | [104] | |
Enzyme | Telomerase | EAA (APE1) | 3.5 h | 1–105 cells | Single cell | Cell lysates | [110] |
Telomerase | EAA (Nt.AlwI) | 4.5 h | 0–1.5 × 10–5 IU | 8.93 × 10–11 IU | Cell lysates | [111] | |
UDG | RCA |  > 12 h | 5 × 10–4– 5 × 10–2 U mL−1 | 1.4 × 10–4 U mL−1 | – | [112] | |
UDG | SDR | 3 h | 2 × 10–4– 2 × 10–2 U mL−1 | 10–4 U mL−1 | – | [114] | |
DNA MTase | SDR | 4.5 h | 10–5–1 U mL−1 | 3.3 × 10–6 U mL−1 | Human serum | [115] | |
T4 PNK | EAA (Exo III) | 5.5 h | 5 × 10–3–2 × 10–1 U mL−1 | 3.3 × 10–4 U mL−1 | Cell lysates and human serum | [35] | |
Biological small molecules | ATP | SDR and EAA (Nb.BbvCI) | 2.5 h | 5– 2 × 102 nM | 2.2 nM | Human serum | [120] |
ATP | EAA (Exo III) | 4 h | 20–6 × 102 nM | 8.32 nM | – | [121] | |
ATP | RCA and EAA (Endo IV) | 2.5 h | 10–1–5 × 102 nM | 9 × 10–2 nM | Human serum | [122] | |
GSH | RCA | 3 h | 102–108 pM | 10 pM | Cell lysates | [126] | |
OTA | RCA |  > 12 h | 5 × 10–2–102 ng mL−1 | 10–2 ng mL−1 | Beer samples | [129] | |
NF-kB | EAA (Exo III) | 1 h | 50–103 pM | 45.6 pM | Cell lysates | [132] | |
Adenosine | EAA (T7 Exo) | 1 h | 5 × 10−6–7 × 10−4 mol L−1 | 9.8 × 10−7 mol L−1 | Artificial urine | [134] | |
Metal ions | Hg2+ | EAA (Exo III) | 1.5 h | 10–5–102 nM | 10 fM | River water | [140] |
Hg2+ | SDR | 2 h | 10–2–10 nM | 7.9 pM | River water | [141] | |
Pb2+ | SDR | 30 min | 10−6–1 mM | 0.3 nM | Cell lysates | [144] | |
Pb2+ | RCA | 1.5 h | 1 –102 nM | 0.91 nM | Drinking water | [145] | |
Cd2+ | SDR | 2 h | 10–8–102 mM | 5 pM | Human urine and river water | [148] | |
Na+ | SDR | 4 h | 10–1–12 mM | 14 µM | Cell lysates | [136] | |
Exosomes | Exosome | RCA and EAA (Nb.BbvCI) | 3 h | 103–105 particles μL−1 | 102 particles μL−1 | Cell lysates and human serum | [156] |
Exosome | RCA | 4.5 h | 102–106 particles μL−1 | 42.7 particles μL−1 | Plasma samples | [157] | |
Exosome | EAA (DNase I) | 40 min | 3 × 104–6 × 105 particles μL−1 | 2.1 × 104 particles μL−1 | Human serum | [158] | |
Pathogens | Fn.n | RCA | 7 h | 7 × 10–1 − 7 × 104 ng L−1 | 0.7 ng L−1 | Fecal specimens | [164] |
S.Typhimurium | SDR | 2 h | 10–5 × 105 cfu mL−1 | 8 cfu mL−1 | Milk sample | [166] | |
Chlamydia trachomatis | EAA (FEN1) | 30 min | 0–1 nM | 6.7 pM | Human serum | [168] |