Fig. 1

Macrophage polarization effect induced by Mn²⁺. A RAW 264.7 cells polarization induced by Mn²⁺. B The percentage of CD11b⁺CD86⁺ in RAW 264.7 cells treated with different concentrations of Mn²⁺ (n = 3). C IFN-β generation of RAW 264.7 cells that were treated with different concentrations of Mn²⁺_. (n = 3). D Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of ROS generation in RAW 264.7 cells that were treated with different concentrations of Mn²⁺ (n = 3). E Schematic diagram of polarization promoting effect of Mn²⁺ on BMDM cells from M0 to M1 phenotype. F and G The representative flow cytometry (FCM) and quantitative results of BMDM cells polarization effect induced by Mn²⁺ (n = 3). H IFN-β generation of BMDM cells that were treated with different concentrations of Mn²⁺(n = 3). I cGAS, pSTING/STING, pNF-кB p65/NF-кB p65 and pIRF3/IRF3 protein expression of BMDM cells that were treated with different concentrations of Mn²⁺. J Schematic diagram of polarization promoting effect of Mn²⁺ on BMDM cells from M2 to M1 phenotype. K The ratio of M1 and M2 macrophages after treating with different concentrations of Mn²⁺ (n = 3)