Fig. 3

Schematic diagram of the applications of nanotechnology in genetic engineering and crop breeding. Plasmids containing genes that encode Cas and the sgRNA are delivered into the plant cell through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, protoplast transfection, particle bombardment, or even spray application with NMs. The CRISPR/Cas genome-editing system consists of the Cas endonuclease, which can site-specifically cleave double-stranded DNA, and an sgRNA that hybridizes to about 20 nucleotides of the target sequence