Fig. 1

Preparation of tumor-targeting nanoformulation TH-NP for the co-delivery of OXA and HCQ. A Schemes showing the fabrication of TH-NP and usage as an HCC targeted co-delivery system, which was synthesized through TRAIL expressing HUVECs membrane coating on PLGA NPs loading OXA and HCQ. B DLS measurements (hydrodynamic size and zeta potential ζ) of TH-NP. C TEM of the targeted co-delivery NPs TH-NPs, showing the intact membrane coating onto PLGA NPs and the uniform size distribution. Scale bar:100 nm. D Western blotting results showing TRAIL protein was integrally preserved on the outer membrane of TH-NPs without damaging its activity. E Release profiles of HCQ from the TH-NPs. F Release profiles of OXA from the TH-NPs. G Confocal microscopy displayed the tumor targeting of Dil-conjugated various membrane coated NPs in the HCCLM3 cells. TH-NPs showed the most potent HCC targeting compared to H-NPs, HEK-NPS or THEK-NPs. (Dil, red; Hoechst, blue). Scale bar: 20 μm. H Comparison of relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of different nanoparticles of HCC targeting. Data were displayed as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001