Fig. 4

Interaction between DAO/DEX-CNGs and bacteria. A Microscopic images of the V. parahaemolyticus (1.0 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹) incubated without or with 100 μg mL⁻¹ of DAO/DEX-CNGs or Spd-CQDs in artificial seawater for 60 min. The fluorescence images in a were recorded using an excitation filter for UV light (360–380 nm). The scale bar represents 10 μm. B TEM images of S. aureus and E. coli in PBS and V. parahaemolyticus in artificial seawater in the absence and presence of 100 μg mL⁻¹ DAO/DEX_5.0-CNGs