Fig. 8

Comparing the effect of Iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on F. oxysporum mycelial radial-growth and spore-germination at various concentrations (0.01–15 µg/mL) in parallel to the control and fungicide treatment after seven days of post-incubation at 28 °C. A Plates indicating antifungal activity of IONPs in PDA plates, B Showing percentage inhibition graph of IONPs on mycelial growth of F. oxysporum, C Represents graph of percentage spore’s germination and D Indicating fungal spores’ germination rate treated with different concentrations of NPs viewed under the light microscope (10 × magnification). Data represents a mean ± SD (n = 3) of three replicates indicating significant-difference (**p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001) as compared to control by one-way-ANOVA (P < 0.05) and Tukey’s-multiple comparing tests