Fig. 9

Assessing the effect of Iron-oxide nanoparticles on fungal morphology, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and membrane integrity. A Scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) micrographs of F. oxysporum hyphae treated with IONPs a sterilized-water (control), b 10 µg/mL, c 15 µg/mL; B, C showing red (RFP) and green (GFP) fluorescent protein micrographs of control and IONPs treated fungal hyphae, Scale bar: 10 µm, D, E representing fluorescent intensity of propidium iodide (PI) and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) in dose-dependent manner. Graph denotes significant-difference (**P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001) in fluorescence-intensity between different concentrations of nanoparticle and control group performed by one-way-ANOVA at P < 0.05 and Tukey multiple comparisons analysis. Each bar represents a mean ± SD of three independent experiments