Sustainable synthesis of microwave-assisted IONPs using Spinacia oleracea L. for control of fungal wilt by modulating the defense system in tomato plants

Table 1 Average weight, number, antioxidant compounds and protein content in tomato fruits treated with IONPs

Treatments	Average fruit weight (g)	Fruits number	Lycopene (mg 100 g⁻¹ FW)	Flavonoids (mg 100 g⁻¹ FW)	Vitamin C (mg 100 g⁻¹ FW)	Protein (Umin⁻¹ mg⁻¹)
Control	59.61	21.53	2.16	14.12	15.82	5.26
Fungicide	87.19^***	30.12^***	3.42^**	20.42^***	17.42^*	8.92^***
0.01 µg/mL-IONPs	37.71^***	16.89^***	1.84	13.92	14.29^*	4.75
0.5 µg/mL-IONPs	42.29^***	18.67^***	1.98	14.19	14.75	4.86
1.5 µg/mL-IONPs	57.81	20.53	2.06	15.25	15.37	5.12
2.5 µg/mL-IONPs	69.63^***	21.84	2.49	16.52^***	16.21	5.67
5 µg/mL-IONPs	74.64^***	23.74^***	2.87	18.83^***	16.64	6.74^**
7.5 µg/mL-IONPs	79.93^***	25.52^***	3.15	19.42^***	17.07	8.49^***
10 µg/mL-IONPs	83.59^***	28.59^***	3.66^***	20.76^***	17.86^***	8.74^***
12.5 µg/mL-IONPs	88.75^***	32.63^***	3.95^***	21.37^***	18.12^***	9.15^***
15 µg/mL-IONPs	84.26^***	31.09^***	3.78^***	21.03^***	18.02^***	8.96^***

Mean values of five replicates are presented for each treatment. Asterisks represent (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001) significant differences as governed by ANOVA

ISSN: 1477-3155