Fig. 2

The nano-pesticide lunch-box principle. A Example with the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). The potato beetle almost exclusively targets night-shade plants (Solanum, containing the poisonous Solanine). A lunch-box covered with attractive chemical cues similar to the plant (kairomones) can be used to attract the beetle [77, 78] or pheromones that promote beetle aggregation [79]. While the beetle (and the larvae) is attracted, other organism (e.g., bees) will be repelled or not attracted. The kill could be Bt crystalline proteins or RNAi [80]. B Using various species. A similar approach can be used for various insect, e.g., planthoppers, beetles, and mosquitoes in each case the nanocarrier has different semio-chemicals attached to surface [29]. *For visual reasons we use a bucky-ball to illustrate the nano-container, we will not use bucky-balls but polymers but in a drawing, these would simply be opaque