Table 2 AS1411 function table

AS1411

Inhibition

By inhibiting the binding of nucleolin to mRNA, the mRNA that encodes the anti-apoptotic regulator Bcl-2 was destabilized

[91]

It can bind to the nuclear protein on the surface of cancer cells and inhibit the NF-κB pathway

[121]

It acts by inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis

[90]

AS1411 was combined with polyethylene glycolated cationic liposomes as a targeting probe ASLP. ASLP has inhibitory and cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells

[195]

DOX-Apts-CS-AuNPs can selectively carry their therapeutic agents to cancer cells, thereby reducing the systemic effect of DOX and significantly inhibiting tumor growth

[116]

For nucleoprotein inhibition, the combination of aptamer AS1411 or nucleosome NCL with doxorubicin reduces the survival rate of DLBCL cells

[191]

HA@APT§DOX is designed for deep tumor suppression. It can effectively enhance the accumulation of drugs in tumor sites and inhibit tumor growth. DOX is released from APT in an acidic environment and transported to the nucleus to achieve the drug push for deep tumor inhibition

[145]

AS1411 was mercapto conjugated to the surface of AUND to enhance its intracellular uptake and tumor-targeting capability, which was used to enhance its intracellular uptake by human breast tumor MCF-7 cells

[114]

AS1411NTRs co-loading with DOX and TBO significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7/ ADR cells, and DOX was mainly located in the nucleus. Targeting AS1411NTRs and DOX + TBO co-loading can help overcome resistance. The drug delivery system enhances its in vitro cytotoxicity and overcomes drug resistance in DOX-resistant human breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ ADR)

[197]

NiCo-PBA@Tb³⁺@PEGMA functionalization with AS1411 enables rapid drug release within cancer cells and enhances tumor-targeted delivery of doxorubicin. NiCo-PBA@Tb³⁺ @ap@dox is abundant in tumor tissue. It can effectively inhibit tumor growth and show enhanced anticancer activity in vivo

[188]

AS1411-TDN is a more powerful tumor targeting vector, and AS1411-TDN itself can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, thus enhancing the anti-tumor effect

[107]

Binding with nucleoprotein leads to Rac1 continued activation and non-apoptotic cell death, a metastasis-inhibiting mechanism. Cancer cells may overexpress nucleoprotein to overcome this barrier

[81]

NCL selectively mediates the binding and uptake of AS1411. It is used to effectively inhibit the attachment/entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into host cells

[91]

A polyelectrolyte complex of TD-miR-chitosan was modified with antinucleolin aptamer AS1411 to act as an intelligent gene delivery system for storage, transfection and release of goods into the cytoplasm. Used to suppress breast cancer, dual targeting reduces the drug dose and side effects on normal cells

[190]

AS1411 inhibited proliferation, migration, tube formation and expression of miR-21 and miR221 in HLSC stimulated by recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor. To inhibit corneal neovascularization

[83]

AS1411 was conjugated to the surface of PLNPS-PAMAM to enhance the intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles.PLNPS-PAMAM-AS1411 /DOX for precision cancer therapy

[246]

DNCA lipids can induce the formation of secondary structure of AS1411 G4 and release oligonucleotides in cells. DNCA/AS1411 nanoparticles showed good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Penetrate into cancer cells and promote apoptosis leading to potent anticancer activity, especially against paclitaxel-resistant cells

[141]

Phase II clinical trials for acute myeloid leukemia and renal cell carcinoma. The growth of gastric cancer cell lines was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner

[137]

AS1411

Competition in the role

AS1411 binding nucleoli has high affinity and is considered as a molecular decoy that competes with Bcl-2 binding nucleoli

[123]

AS1411 initiates the hybridization of acid-modified oligonucleotides to form hydrogels, and the presence of the target protein nucleoprotein leads to the dissolution of the gel, resulting in a reduction in cross-linking density through competitive target aptamer binding. Drug carriers for targeted therapy and other biotech applications

[192]

AS1411, TTA1 and RGD probes combined with MF nanoparticles for nanoparticle cancer imaging probes

[244]

Targeted role

Combine with quantum dots and use them in combination with drugs that are inserted into DNA for simultaneous targeting, imaging and treatment of cancer

[62]

Bindingnucleoli, a protein highly expressed in the plasma membrane of cancer cells, has been successfully used as a targeted ligand to track C6 glioma cells

[89]

Conjugated with MF nanoparticles for visualizing the location of nucleolar proteins or miRNA biogenesis in vitro and in vivo

[243]

5-FU as a new tumor-targeting nanomedicine (AS1411-T-5-FU) was attached to the DNA-based delivery system to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and targeting of breast cancer cells for targeting to kill breast cancer cells

[151]

APT-Dox-PLGA-PVP nanoparticles are released by nucleolin receptors to enhance the therapeutic efficiency. A novel drug delivery system for enhanced anti-lung cancer therapy

[90]

DOX hydrochloride inserted into aper AS1411 (AP-DOX) is encapsulated in the aqueous interior of liposome (LIP (AP-DOX)) and enters the nucleus after strong binding with nucleolin. By using this drug delivery system, DOX hydrochloride can be effectively accumulated in the nucleus to effectively kill breast cancer cells

[94]

Identifying C6 cells and mediating endocytosis greatly increased the intake of ASNP and ASTNP by C6 cells. Modulate the uptake of nanoparticles by endothelial cells and cancer cells

[191]

A three-strand linked pocket DNA nanostructure composed of three AS1411 apers for the delivery of doxorubicin (Dox) to cancer cells

[120]

AS1411 aptamer was further modified to MSNs for cell/tumor targeting. For in vitro and in vivo treatment of triple cancer

[107]

The NAANPs formed can be used to differentiate cancer cells from normal cells by targeting the cell surface through specific AS1411-nucleolin interactions

[122]

AS1411-conjugated NP enhances cell proliferation inhibition due to the selective delivery of GEM to nucleolin-overexpressed cancer cells. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting gemcitabine

[84]

A system of AS1411 aptamers (for glioma targeting) and TGN peptides (for BBB targeting) modified nanoparticles (ASTNPs) is designed to target brain gliomas and improve the survival rate of glioma carrying mice

[191]

Active targeting of AS1411 liposomes significantly increases the accumulation of DOX in tumor tissues, inhibits tumor growth and reduces systemic side effects, and is used in therapies to overcome the effects of multidrug resistance

[230]

DOX loading and micellar stability were improved by a binary hybrid system consisting of AS1411 modified Pluronic F127 and β-cyclodextrin linked polyethylene glycol-B12 polylactic acid.Used to demonstrate prolonged circulation time, increased antitumor activity, and reduced cardiotoxicity

[11]

The ability of AS1411 aptamer and MUC 1 aptamer to bind to cancer cells is used in multiple analysis and multicolor imaging of tumor cells. Especially when it comes to selecting aptamers that are more targeted

[109]

A modified and promoted dendritic macromolecule was designed by MUC1, AS1411 and ATP aptamers for targeted delivery of EPI and evaluated for efficacy in target cells including MCF-7 cells (breast cancer cells) and C26 cells (mouse colon cancer cells)

[192]

The gold nanocluster (AuNC), the ring-shaped RGD (CrGD) of integrin and the aptamer AS1411 (APT) were combined. A novel nanoplatform with dual targeting function (AuNC-CrGDAPT) was established

[114]

AS1411

Targeted role

The DNA of AS1411-modified gold nanoparticles and DOX-rich gas chromatographic inserts was used for the release of DOX from hairpin structures. Shows significant targeted binding in the treatment of SW480 colon cancer cells

[115]

Novel drug delivery systems for functionalized nanocapsules have been developed for active drug targeting and are good candidates for drug delivery systems for cancer therapy through poly(n-vinyl pyrrolidone-alt-itaconic anhydride) and aptam-functionalized chitosan

[192]

The toxicity of C8 in cultured melanoma cells was increased by AS1411-ICG-C8. It also reduced the tumor growth of mouse melanoma induced by the B16 cell line in vivo. For effective removal from the mouse body via the kidney

[144]

AS1411 aptamer functionalized albumin nanoparticles loaded on iron oxide and gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX)

[244]

AS1411 aptamer is bound to the surface of a matrix metalloproteinase-2 reactive polymer preparation to provide directed drug delivery to nucleolin-positive cells. It is used to treat colorectal cancer

[143]

SiNP -DOX-AAPaT has significant apoptotic effect and anti-tumor properties on cancer cells. SiNP-DOX-AAATP provides an intelligent delivery system for controlling the encapsulation and release of DOX at the disease site

[106]

Cancer detection

Cells were effectively captured on the electrode surface by the specific binding between the cell surface nucleoprotein and aptamer AS1411

[124]

The expression of nucleolin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and HCC tissues was determined

[134]

Binding with nucleolin greatly enhanced the fluorescence intensity of silver nanoclusters. Direct biological imaging of HeLa cells

[110]

Biometric imaging of the AS1411-PPIX complex can clearly distinguish HeLa cancer cells from normal cells and can be achieved in human serum

[247]

A simple and ultra-sensitive fluorescence aptamer for Cu²⁺ detection was prepared by using AS1411 aptamer as a targeting agent, its complementary chain and streptomavidin-coated magnetic beads.Used to measure serum levels of Cu²⁺ in patients with Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes

[93]

Cytotoxicity and uptake of the tested HGN-AS1411 nanoconjugate by A375 and HaCaT cells were assessed.Used for skin cancer treatment

[195]

AS1411 was used to construct a ratio pH biosensor by covalently modifying unlabeled fluorescent silicon nanocrytes with a crosslinker. Lysosomal imaging and pH measurement of MCF-7 cells

[141]

This aptamer antiproliferative effect results from binding to nucleolus proteins localized in the nucleoli that can be transferred to the surface of certain cancer cells

[150]

CdTe quantum dots coated uniformly on the surface of MSNs were coupled to construct a nanobiological probe to selectively collect and detect breast cancer cells MCF-7

[107]

A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic platform for the detection of NCl using aptamer AS1411-N5

[94]

The vector is in situ functionalized by the nucleolin apperer AS1411 to improve the delivery and uptake of the complex to target cells

[211]

Tetrahedral DNA nanostructured biaptamers (AS1411 and MUC1) are immobilized on the surface of the gold electrode as biometric elements to capture MCF-7 cancer cells and improve the density and orientation of the surface nanoprobes. For highly selective detection of MCF-7 cells

[74]

The AS1411 aptamer without any functionalization was immobilized on the copper nanoparticle coating and G-quadruplex aptamer was trapped on the metal surface to facilitate cancer diagnosis

[149]

The binding affinity of AS1411 for nucleoprotein and the high fluorescence of silver nanoclusters provide an opportunity for its application in intracellular imaging and nuclear staining. To detect enhanced photodynamic efficiency of colon cancer cells

[166]

A novel topical gel formulation based on sodium alginate and hyaluronic acid contains AS1411 aptamer-functionalized polymer nanocapsules loaded with an anti-tumor agent (5-fluorouracil) for the treatment of skin cancer

[5]

AS1411

Cancer detection

The sensing mechanism of PGO-I⁻-ISE cells was demonstrated by the I⁻sensing curves that were parallel transported with different concentrations of cell solutions after incubation.Used to detect selectivity to target cancer cell HeLa in the blood environment

[59]

TGN is conjugated with Cy3-AS1411 via a polyethylene glycol connector and is ingested through endothelial monolayers and glioma spheres. It is used to target glioma cells and endothelial cells

[159]

Cu-CB-TE2A-AS1411 was used for aptamer imaging to detect lung cancer

[87]

The aptome AS1411 provides a good choice for NCL recognition without penetration because it has better cell uptake and enhanced stability for visualizing the distribution of NCL

[198]

DOX @APT-PEG-PDA-Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticle shows that this Molybdenum Disulf-based drug delivery platform is promising for targeted synergistic therapy of cancer

[126]

PSF/GO-TAPP/rGO-FET biological conjugate was applied to trace detection of CTCs and differentiation of tumor cells and white blood cells under the catalysis of platinum nanoparticles, showing high specificity and sensitivity

[99]

An unlabeled aptamer sensor composed of PAH-glucose, sodium alginate diester, and aptamer AS1411 for detection and identification of cancer cells

[98]

The aptamer AS1411 and amphoteric peptide were simultaneously immobilized by polydopamine (PDA) ligation.6- mercaptohexanol as the blocking molecule.Used for quantitative detection of target cells

[126]

The interaction between nucleolin and AS1411 causes a change in surface stress, resulting in a differential deflection between the sensor and the reference cantilever. For the unlabeled detection of nucleolins

[93]

Bioconjugation with anticancer oligonucleotide AS1411 resulted in fluorescent, biocompatible, appers-conjugated GNRs. For selectively targeting cancer cells

[166]

The specific binding of AS1411 to target cells triggered the aptamer removal from the solution. The hybridization-based method showed a selective colorimetric response detectable to the naked eye in MCF-7 cells

[118]

AS1411 aptamer binds to camptothecin loaded PEGylated dendrimer surfaces, providing site-specific delivery of camptothecin, inhibiting C26 tumor growth in vivo and significantly reducing systemic toxicity. It is used to treat colorectal cancer

[214]

Prolonged retention of AS1411-polyethylene glycol-manganese dioxide nanoprobe in 786–0 renal carcinoma tumors in vivo. It is eventually excreted from the body by a renal clearance route. It was used to realize the specific magnetic resonance imaging of mice with renal carcinoma, and significantly accumulated in the tumor and prolonged the retention time

[139]

After cDNA and AS1411-Rox were fixed on the surface of the particles, NCL was transported through an electric-field-driven nanoparticle channel, and As1411-Rox was removed through a specific recognition interaction for the ultra-sensitive in-situ detection of NCL

[96]

Identification of the nature

Coated with crude protein, APT-Fe-AuNPs showed good cytotoxicity to human lung cancer cells

[240]

Phase II clinical trials were conducted as anticancer agents. Shows extremely effective antiviral activity and is used in new anti-HIV drugs

[138]

AS1411 was incorporated into DOX-loaded BSA surfaces, and specific recognition between receptors overexpressed on tumor cells, aptam-modified nanoparticles DOX@Apt-BSA showed enhanced cell uptake and increased cytotoxicity

[194]

AS1411NTRS nanochains are used to study the interaction between DOX, EPI or DAU and nanochains. Three anthracycline antibiotics were released from AS1411NTRs.Used for testing cytotoxicity of target and non-target cells

[197]

CTCs were identified and isolated from whole blood samples by magnetic nanoparticles modified with CTCs-specific aptamer AS1411

[125]

This leads to increased accumulation of nanostructures in nucleoprotein positive cancer cells through active targeting. BSA binds to colorectal cancer cells through REDOX—prone disulfide bonds and has shown significant therapeutic efficacy in cancer cells

[76]

D-/ L-isoT and 20-DI were added to enhance the bioactivity of AS1411, and animal experiments were conducted to evaluate its antitumor effect in vivo

[44]

AS1411

Common dosing

DNPs Clolar/AS1411 / HA/RNA/DOX multifunctional nanoparticles, improve the tumor site drug accumulation, eventually synergy inhibit tumor growth through a variety of drugs

[145]

Polyethylene glycolated rod-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles prepared with camptothecin loading apt-peg@msnr-Cpt /Sur labeling to provide selective treatment for colorectal adenocarcinoma were used in the AS1411 DNA apposer labeling system to promote drug uptake in nucleolin-positive colorectal cancer cells

[126]

TMPyp&DNM &Apt-gc34@SPION NPS with pH-dependent conformational changes in the I-sequence establishes a single system of dual-targeting, dual-therapeutic and pH-stimulation-responsive drug release.Used for pH-controlled release of DNM in the microenvironment of cancer cells

[90]

AS1411 /SKN&DTX-M was selectively accumulated in the brain of in situ luciferase transfected nude mice with U87 glioma. Co-delivery of hyaluronic acid and AS1411 aptamer bifunctionalized shikonin and docetaxel for combinational antitumor therapy with dual agents

[146]

The AS1411-modified LDL responds to surrounding pH conditions and is used to selectively release anti-tumor drugs to cancer cells, reducing the systemic effects of DOX

[39]

HeLa and non-malignant cells were cytotoxic, and when combined with AS1411 derivatives, the cytotoxicity of the free ligand to non-malignant cells was inhibited. It can dissociate intracellular to deliver C8T to the nucleoli. AS1411-derived G4S can be used as a potential cancer drug delivery system for cervical cancer

[64]

Cells capture

By binding to nuclear proteins that are overexpressed on the surface of the cancer cell membrane. The resulting titanium dioxide nanofiber substrates exhibit specificity through synergistic topographic interactions. TiO₂-BSA-Biotin -AS1411 specifically captures RARE CTCs

[128]

AS1411 was treated with gold nanoparticles modified with secondary aptamers. Sensitive ECL detection for MCF-7 cancer cells. In order to specifically capture cancer cells, the anode of gold BPE is modified with aptamers

[124]