Fig. 1

Functional nanovesicles displaying anti-PD-L1 antibodies for programmed photoimmunotherapy. Primarily, aPD-L1 and OVA were expressed on the membrane of MSCs through genetic modification. Afterwards, two different cytomembrane-derived nanovesicles were extracted and loaded with photosensitizer (ICG) and immune adjuvant (R837) by ultrasound, respectively. Then, photosensitizer was delivered to the tumor area via the targeting effect of aPD-L1 after aPD-L1 NVs-ICG was injected through the tail vein. Following thermal ablation of the primary tumor was caused under laser irradiation, inducing the tumor immune microenvironment was reprogrammed. After AAI-R837 were subcutaneous immunization, adjuvant and OVA were orientated delivered to DC though aPD-L1, which can boost the value-added differentiation of CTL