Table 1 Nanomaterial-based ratiometric sensors for determination of microRNA

Electrochemical

Black phosphorus nanosheets

MicroRNA-3123

2 pM to 2 μM

0.3 pM

[20]

Electrochemical

Au NPs

MicroRNA-141

0.1 fM to 100 pM

11 aM

[53]

Electrochemical

Magnetic beads

MicroRNA-21

1 pM to 10 nM

1 pM

[56]

Electrochemiluminescence

Au NPs functionalized g-C₃N₄ NS nanohybrid (Au-g-C₃N₄ NH)

MicroRNA-21

1.0 fM to 1.0 nM

0.5 fM

[21]

Chemiluminescence

Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQD)

MicroRNA-21

0.005 to 50 pM

1.7 fM

[22]

SERS

Silica@Au nanoflower (Si@AuNF)

MicroRNA-122

10 aM to 100 pM

7.75 aM

[23]

Ratiometric fluorescence

Boron doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (BCNNS) & copper nanocluster (CuNC)

MicroRNA-582-3p

0.2 to 1.0 pM

12.0 fM

[25]

Ratiometric fluorescence

Carbon dots

MicroRNA-21

0 fM to 500 fM

3 pM

[38]

Ratiometric fluorescence

Carbon dots

MicroRNA-21

50 to 10,000 pM

1 pM

[26]

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)

Conjugated polymer (CCP)

& fluorescein

let-7a family

0.2 to 100 pM

0.08 pM

[54]

FRET

Fluorescence dyes Cy3,Cy3.5, Cy5

MicroRNA-155, microRNA-182, and microRNA-197

0.02 to 10 nM

18 pM,

12 pM, and 11 pM

[55]

Ratiometric fluorescence

Carbon dots

MicroRNA-21

0.15 fM to 2.46 pM

50 aM

This work