Table 4 Antibodies and NPs targeting thrombus

Monoclonal antibody targeting the enzymatic pocket of FXIIa

3F7

ApoE^−/− on HFD (mice); Tandem stenosis model mimicking vulnerable, rupture-prone plaque (mice)

Decreased stable atherosclerotic plaque burden. Achieved plaque stabilization

[176]

Perfluorocarbon NPs coated on stents

Thrombin inhibitor (PPACK)

In vitro flow model of stent thrombosis

Suppressed growth of thrombi in both static and dynamic models of stent thrombosis

[144]

Fe₃O₄ nanorods

tPA

Ex-vivo thrombi (rats)

Achieved lysis efficiency of 70%

[148]

Fucoidan-functionalized NPs

tPA

Venous thrombosis (mice)

Significant reduction in thrombus density

[147]

scFv against activated GPIIb/IIIa

scuPA

Acute arterial thrombosis in C57Bl6 and plg^−/− (mice)

Displayed successful thrombolysis of blood clots

[160]

CD39

Acute arterial thrombosis (mice)

Inhibited aggregation of platelets and prevented vessel occlusion

[164]

CD39

Cardiac I/R (mice)

Preserved cardiac function and significantly reduced infarct size; less cardiac deformation observed using strain analysis

[165]

TAP

Cardiac I/R (mice)

Preserved cardiac function and significantly reduced infarct size

[161]

TAP

Acute arterial and electrolytic venous thrombosis (mice)

Reduced thrombolysis post therapy; prophylaxis resulted in reduced thrombosis

[166]

MB + scFv against activated GPIIb/IIIa

scuPA

Acute arterial thrombosis (mice)

Detected and successful in breakdown of thrombi

[162]

Micelles + scFv against activated GPIIb/IIIa

TM

Laser-induced thrombosis in cremaster arterioles (mice)

Reduced platelet deposition and limited thrombus formation

[168]

Mesoporous silica particle–targeted activated GPIIb/IIIa

uPA

In vitro human PRP in static and flow chambers

High affinity to target activated platelets, concentration-dependent thrombolysis

[167]

scFv against red blood cells

TM

Acute venous thrombosis (mice)

Reduced platelet and fibrin deposition at all locations of vascular damage

[169]

NPs + RGD

Aspirin

Acute thrombosis (rats)

Decreased thrombotic risk, restored endothelial barrier integrity, plaque necrosis, and depleted plaque-macrophage content

[151]

IQCA

Arterial thread thrombosis (mice)

Inhibited thrombosis

[156]

Lumbrokinase

Acute arterial thrombosis (rats)

Reduced weight of thrombus

[152]

Platelet membrane–coated nanoparticle (PNPs)

Lumbrokinase

Acute arterial thrombosis (mice)

Reduced thrombus area

[155]