Fig. 6

Schematic illustration showing the roles of pEXO on regulating maternal immune tolerance via reprogramming circulating monocytes. The maternal immune system needs to adapt to tolerate the semi-allogeneic conceptus. During early pregnancy, pEXO facilitates the establishment of systemic immune tolerance by transforming monocytes to an immunosuppression phenotype, including the MDSC subset. These pEXO-educated monocytes exhibited pleiotropic roles in promoting M2 macrophage polarization, suppressing T cell proliferation and inducing Treg cell differentiation