Fig. 3

In vitro FERT efficiencies of FePt nanoprobes. a Intracellular H₂O₂ levels after the indicated treatments. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). b Fe²⁺ fluorescence staining without and with FePt nanoprobes treatment (scale bar: 100 μm). c Quantification of Fe²⁺ fluorescence intensities. (****P < 0.0001). d Intracellular ROS generation detected by the DCFH-DA probe after various treatments. e Quantifying ROS using flow cytometry with DCFH-DA detection. f Calcein-AM/PI co-staining of HepG2 cells after the indicated treatments (green: live cells; red: dead cells). g Flow cytometry analyses of cell apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC/PI co-staining. (Fe concentration: 2.6 mM, X-ray: 4 Gy). FePt nanoprobes and X-ray doses remained consistent throughout this part of the experiment (scale bar: 100 μm)