Table 2 Summary of different liposomal formulations
Drug | Materials used | In vitro | In vivo | Summary | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cisplatin Curcumin | DMPC 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (DOPA) Cholesterol DSPE-PEG2000 | HepG2 | H22 tumor bearing mice HepG2 tumor bearing mice | High cytotoxic effect on hepG2 cells Elevated ROS levels Improved plasma retention time and antitumor effects with lower signs of toxicity in vivo | [313] |
Synthetic phosphoethanolamine (amino-ethyl phosphoric ester (lipid precursor) synthesized by the research group) | Dioctadecyldimethyl-ammonium Chloride (DODAC) | Hepa1c1c7 | – | Treatment was significantly more effective to promote cell death by apoptosis Elevated expression of DR4 receptor, caspases-3 and 8, cytochrome c, p53, p21, p27 and Bax Decreased expression of Bcl-2, cyclin D1, CD90 and CD44 proteins | [314] |
Cantharidin | Soy phosphatidylcholine DSPE-PEG2000 | HepG2 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice | Enhanced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and antiproliferative effects Improved antitumor effects in vivo | [315] |
9-Nitrocamptothecin | Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine Cholesterol | HepG2 Bel-7402 Hep3B L02 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice | High sensitivity of both free and drug loaded liposomes toward HepG2 cells, followed by Bel-7402, while being resistant toward Hep3B Elevated expression of p53, p21, p27, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and mitochondrion-associated 1 Decreased expression of Bcl-2, cyclin E, cyclin A, Cdk2 and cyclin D1 Augmented antitumor effects with higher safety profile in vivo | [316] |
DOX Salinomycin | HSPC Cholesterol DSPE-PEG2000 | HepG2 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice | High cytotoxic effect in vitro Better pharmacokinetic parameters including larger AUC, and longer t1/2 Enhanced tumor growth inhibition in vivo | [317] |
Galactomannan | Soy phosphatidylcholine Cholesterol | – | DEN and CCL4 HCC model in rats | Reduced liver enzymes, PI3K/Akt, PTEN, STAT 5A gene expression, and antioxidant biomarker MDA Elevated glutathione and glutathione S-transferase levels Significant restoration of the normal hepatic architecture | [318] |
Oleanolic acid | Soybean lecithin Cholesterol Triolein Stearic acid Tween 80 Polyvinyl alcohol | HepG2 H22 | Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study in healthy rats H22 tumor bearing mice | High cytotoxic effect in vitro Improved pharmacokinetic parameters including longer circulation time Enhanced tumor suppression and longer survival time in vivo | [319] |
Artesunate | Lecithin Cholesterol | HepG2 LO2 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice | Reduced IC50 in vitro with almost no toxicity on normal liver cells Higher reduction in tumor growth rate and tumor weight in vivo | [320] |
– | DSPC DOPE DSPE-mPEG2000 C8 PEG750 Ceramide C8 Ceramide | HepG2 SMMC-7721 Huh7 HL7702 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice | High cytotoxic effect on HCC cells while showing minimal effect on normal hepatocytes Caspase dependent apoptosis, ASK1, and JNK activation while inhibiting AKT-mTOR Improved antitumor effects in vivo | [321] |
di-n-butyl-di-(4-chlorobenzohydroxamato)-tin(IV) (DBDCT) | Soy phosphatidylcholine Cholesterol | – | Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution in healthy rats H22 tumor bearing mice | Augmented pharmacokinetic parameters including larger AUC, and longer t1/2 Enhanced antitumor effects in vivo with higher drug concentration in RES organs and lower concentration in the adrenal glands | [322] |
SOR Gadolinium | Lipoid® E80 Cholesterol | HepG2 H22 | H22 tumor bearing mice | Dual acting liposomes as a therapeutic and a visualizing agent Sustained drug release leading to lower cytotoxicity than free drug Improved antitumor effects and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization with high safety profile in vivo | [323] |
– | DMPC polyoxyethylene(23) dodecyl ether | HepG2 Huh7 HC | – | High cytotoxic effect against HCC cells (high membrane fluidity) with no effect on normal hepatocytes cells (low membrane fluidity) Caspase-3 mediated apoptosis | [324] |
Brucea javanica oil | Lecithin Cholesterol | HepG2 | HepG2 tumor bearing mice | High cytotoxic effect in vitro Dose dependent reduction in intra-hepatic metastasis with improved survival rates in vivo | [325] |
Cordycepin | Soy phosphatidylcholine Cholesterol Tween 80 Vitamin E | BEL7402 H22 | H22 tumor bearing mice | Sustained drug release leading to lower cytotoxicity than free drug Dose dependent reduction in tumor growth, and tumor weight in vivo | [326] |
2,6-di-isopropylphenol-linolenic acid | Egg phosphatidylcholine | HepG2 | DEN HCC model in mice | The prepared drug conjugate exhibited significant cytotoxicity in vitro The prepared nanoparticles activated macrophages to engulf and suppress tumor cells Reduction in COX-2, bcl-2 expression Upregulation in Bax expression Enhanced antitumor effects with high safety profile in vivo | [327] |